Hormonal Regulation of Circadian Pacemaker in Ovary and Uterus

摘要: Ovarian folliculogenesis is characterized by drastic proliferation and differentiation of granulosa cells theca cells. Although it well accepted that gonadotropins ovarian steroids play the central roles in follicular development controlling microenvironments, intrafollicular substances including growth factors cytokines are known to function as modulators development. Differentiation involves follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-induced maturation immature into mature The expressions related genes rigidly controlled until ovulation, then finally differentiated luteal cells, which produce progesterone. On other hand, uterus closely synchronized ovary: increasing regulate one principal targets prepare for embryo implantation following fertilization. In uterus— composed heterogeneous cell types luminal glandular epithelial stroma muscle layers—estradiol stimulates whereas progesterone inhibits estradiol-induced hyperplasia compartments (Carson et al., 2000). rodents, endometrial undergo decidualization response at early stage pregnancy (Clarke & Sutherland, 1990; Dey 2004). Thus, cellular functions ovary accompanied cyclic changes proliferation, apoptosis. circadian clock system may contribute progress development, luteinization luteolysis, steroid hormone-induced uterine through fluctuating hormones. Recently, there a growing body evidence expressed reproductive tissues (Johnson 2005; Nakamura Fahrenkrug 2006; Dolatshad Karman Tischkau, He 2007a, 2007b, 2007c; Nakao 2007; Hirata 2009; Sellix Menaker, 2010; Uchikawa 2011). Many regulatory elements located upstream genes, such element half-sites adenosine 3’,5’-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) site E-box D-box elements. mammalian three components: input pathways, pacemaker, output pathways. pathways transmit environmental signals coordinates external with endogenous rhythm neural, hormonal behavioural cues (Reppert Weaver, 2001; Schibler Sassone-Corsi, 2002; Yamamoto