Trapping to Monitor Tephritid Movement: Results, Best Practice, and Assessment of Alternatives

摘要: Movement of tephritid flies underpins their survival, reproduction, and ability to establish in new areas is thus importance when designing effective management strategies. Much the knowledge currently available on movement throughout landscapes comes from use direct or indirect methods that rely trapping individuals. Here, we review published experimental designs mark-release-recapture (MRR) studies, as well other methods, have been used estimate four major pest genera (Bactrocera, Ceratitis, Anastrepha, Rhagoletis). In doing so, aim illustrate theoretical practical considerations needed study movement. MRR studies make traps directly distance species can move within a generation evaluate ecological physiological factors influence dispersal patterns. however, require careful planning ensure results obtained are not biased by employed, including marking trap properties, spacing, spatial extent array. Despite these obstacles, remains powerful tool for determining movement, with data particularly required understudied affect developing countries. To future successful, suggest site selection be carefully considered sufficient resources allocated achieve optimal spacing placement line stated aims each study. An alternative more correctly, gene flow, which become widely development molecular tools. Key sequencing suitable number individuals represent genetic diversity sampled population investigate structuring using nuclear genomic markers non-recombinant mitochondrial DNA markers. Microsatellites preferred marker detecting recent displacement provide information may assignment tests determination contemporary Neither nor able monitor fine-scale movements individual flies. Recent developments miniaturization electronics offer tantalising possibility track insects harmonic radar. Computer vision radio frequency identification tags also permit tracking automated resampling, although come same problems traditional studies. Although all described this chapter limitations, better understanding far outweighs drawbacks because need manage populations.