Cultural and historical geography of the Andes

摘要: The contributions by geographers to the study of aboriginal and peasant cultures in Andes have greatly increased 1980s, their increasingly been welcomed international development agencies. In area traditional agriculture, documented adaptive potential subsistence farmers, elucidated relative efficiencies alternative strategies, identified components strategically relevant environment. Major projects such as Climate Impacts Project United Nations Colca valley project organized geographers. Geographers also contributed prehispanic producing numerous studies raised fields, terraces, irrigation systems, sunken fields embanked fields. Finally, Andean ethnogeography, ethnic maps contributing material culture. It is likely that this success story will be continued into 1990s, with perhaps an emphasis on using vocabulary social theory, political ecology new cultural geography. ANDEANIST CULTURAL GEOGRAPHERS IN THE 1970s When geographical research were reviewed at 1980 CLAG tenth anniversary meeting (Davidson 1981; Denevan Knapp 1981b; Kus Patrick Turner II 1981), general format was not based regions but themes. About 70 citations various papers session referred or coastal South America. To judge number citations, dominated Dan Gade's work ethnobotany ethnozoology Peru James Kus's prehistoric Peruvian irrigation. There particular States David Basile (Ecuadorian agriculture), Don Hoy (population pressure), Greg Norbert Psuty (coastal Parsons Bill (raised fields), Homer Aschmann (Guajiro Indians), Norman Stewart (Andean transhumance), Stu White logging). these can added works British Robin Donkin Preston. At meeting, noted more diversified theoretical approaches food production for participate initiatives which respected rather than tried eliminate small farmer. seconded point view, pointing out significance love place agriculture a way life. Davidson emphasized special groups connection land. pointed universality society called interdisciplinary syntheses. considerable extent many potentials geography realized projects, studies, theoretically methodologically innovative agricultural landforms strategies. Many adhere perspective values respects rural Latin Americans, mistrusting socio-economic transformations result loss ecological values. addition, Carl Sauer's letters published 1982 wonderful memorial his one journey region (West 1982). NEW CONTEXTS 1980S During democratic regimes replaced dictatorial all countries (albeit very late decade Chile), while prospects orthodox Marxist revolutions became even dimmer. Despite (or because of) economic depressions debt crises, intellectuals moved towards eclectic approach problem solving, receptive private sector non-governmental organizations. As urban migration without corresponding growth per capita income, bias staple price policy entrenched, malaise outmigration discouraging [end p. 165] modernization (Lawson Brown 1988). problems status quo, coupled absence large coherent classes capable supporting non-pluralist centralized state, resulted interests decentralized solutions, informal sector, ethnicity, environmental neighborhood issues. These turn unprecedented atmosphere acceptance characteristic geographers; most review essay participated drafted into) institutional surprising degree freedom opportunity voice dissenting opinions welcome diverse local institutions. AND HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY ANDES Peru, two externally-trained professional historical country: Dr. Hildegardo Cordova Nicole Bernex de Falen, both now members faculty Catholic University Lima. has annual meetings sponsored first International Geographical Conference Americas, held Lima 1988, included several subsequently (Bernex Falen 1989; 1987; Gade 1988; 1988d). course, possesses outstanding community historians, archaeologists, anthropologists technical experts dedicated country's culture agriculture. last reviews Revista Andina, Allpanchis, Historica, Antropologica, among others, articles. Ecuador, traditionally attracted Panamerican Center Investigations Studies (CEPEIGE), located same building Military Geographic Institute (IGM) Geography History (IPGH). Cultural publications facilitated Salesian Fathers press, Abya Yala, publishes magazine Hombre y Ambiente: El Punto Vista Indigena. An important event 1986 associated La Condamine expedition specifically oriented topics (Comite Editorial Cultura 1986). well represented premier university. Americanist Congress 1987 drew Bogota, Colombia, sessions (Denevan, Mathewson, 1987). Argentina, supported Alfredo Bolsi (Maeder 1980, 1982), otherwise relatively little pursued southern (Reboratti although non-geographers exist.