Beyond GDP: Measuring Welfare and Assessing Sustainability

摘要: Contents vii Preface ix Introduction: The four musketeers xi 1 A wealth of indicators 1.1 Introduction 1.2 bird's eye view 1.3 Aggregating the non-aggregatable? 1.4 Correcting GDP 1.5 Sustainability assessment: weak or strong? 1.6 Coping with multidimensionality: dashboards 1.7 An overhanging question: how far can aggregation go? 2 Measuring sustainability 2.1 2.2 Wealth and sustainable well-being 2.2.1 Discounting future streams well-being? 2.2.2 From intertemporal to consumption 2.3 savings approach: a reference framework 2.3.1 Shifting focus : why? 2.3.2 Assessing in imperfect but predictable economies. 2.3.3 example 2.4 several pending problems 2.4.1 Monetization practice 2.4.2 Behavioral indeterminacy when 'weak' turn out too strong 2.4.3 Technological normative uncertainties 2.4.4 additional problem: cross-national dimension unsustainability 2.5 Conclusion: where go from there? iii iv CONTENTS 3 price for everything? 3.1 revealed preference argument 3.1.1 an individual consumer 3.1.2 Extending social welfare through representative agent 3.1.3 opti- mality assumption 3.2 variant 3.3 theory index numbers 3.3.1 axiomatic approach 3.3.2 Approximating changes 3.4 Decomposing 3.4.1 first decomposition, expenditure function 3.4.2 second terms effeciency equity 3.4.3 new based on Bergson curves 3.4.4 Another small variations 3.5 Specific imputed prices full income 3.6 Conclusion 4 Equivalent income, value what has no 4.1 Money-metric utility equivalent 4.2 Knock-out criticism? 4.2.1 Not welfarist enough 4.2.2 Too 4.2.3 Potentially regressive 4.2.4 Reference dependent 4.2.5 Arrow's coup de grace 4.3 Fairness rescue 4.3.1 equivalence fair allocation 4.3.2 Arrow Independence is not compelling 4.3.3 References need be arbitrary 4.3.4 right dose welfarism 4.3.5 Bundle dominance unacceptable 4.3.6 Egalitarianism demanding 4.4 Social decomposition 4.5 5 Is happiness all that matters? 5.1 Easterlin paradox: Have we been wrong 70,000 years? 5.1.1 Bentham back 5.1.2 debate about subjective 5.1.3 ultimate goal? 5.1.4 key objection scores 5.2 5.2.1 A[currency]ects judgments 5.2.2 three respondent v 5.2.3 Heterogeneous shifting standards 5.2.4 What do people care about? 5.2.5 Comparisons across preferences 5.3 Making use data 5.3.1 Proposed 5.3.2 Putting a[currency]ects their place 5.3.3 Identi?cation 5.3.4 Can improved? 5.4 6 Empowering capabilities 6.1 capability 6.1.1 basic needs 6.1.2 Functionings, between 'opulence' 'utility' 6.1.3 functionings 6.2 Capabilities as opportunities 6.2.1 Valuing sets 6.2.2 relevant aspects 6.2.3 Shaping opportunity 6.2.4 Equality against set valuation 6.2.5 Why capabilities? 6.3 issue 6.3.1 intersection 6.3.2 Disagreement respect diversity 6.3.3 Implications personal 6.4 CA separate approach? How converge multiplicity synthetic indicators? Shortcuts pitfalls Vices virtues monetary warnings incomes A.1 model A.2 operators A.3 Non-market goods A.4 Market A.5 household problem B Proofs 233 B.1 Paretian rank-dependent criterion B.2 Reference-price independence B.3 simple proof theorem economic vi Bibliography