Atmospheric heating due to black carbon aerosol during the summer monsoon period over Ballia: A rural environment over Indo-Gangetic Plain

摘要: Abstract Black carbon (BC) aerosols are one of the most uncertain drivers global climate change. The prevailing view is that BC mass concentrations low in rural areas where industrialization and vehicular emissions at a minimum. As part national research program called “Ganga Basin Ground Based Experiment-2014 under Cloud Aerosol Interaction Precipitation Enhancement Experiment (CAIPEEX) Phase-III” Ministry Earth Sciences, Government India, continuous measurements particulate matter (PM) concentrations, were conducted environment highly-polluted Indo-Gangetic Plain region during 16th June to 15th August (monsoon period), 2014. mean concentration was 4.03 (± 0.85) μg m− 3 with daily variability between 2.4 5.64 μg m− 3, however, PM [near ultrafine (PM1.0), fine (PM2.5) inhalable (PM10)] 29.1(± 16.2), 34.7 (± 19.9) 43.7 (± 28.3) μg m− 3, respectively. contribution PM1.0 approximately 13%, which highest being recorded. Diurnally, (mean: 5.89 μg m− 3) 20:00 22:00 local time (LT) due burning biofuels/biomass such as wood, dung, straw crop residue mixed dung by residents for cooking purposes. atmospheric direct radiative forcing values composite determined be + 78.3, + 44.9, + 45.0 W m− 2 + 42.2, + 35.4 + 34.3 W m− 2 months June, July August, corresponding heating rates (AHR) 2.21, 1.26 1.26; 1.19, 0.99 0.96 K day− 1 month respectively, 1.57 1.05 K day− 1 33% lower AHR than particles study period. This high underscores importance absorbing contributed residential using biofuels India. Our demonstrates need immediate, effective regulations policies mitigate emission from domestic