The significance of hotspots to lekking topi antelopes (Damaliscus lunatus)

摘要: Controversy has surrounded the question of why lek-breeding evolved in certain ungulate species. Can behavior be explained simply by males mapping onto a female distribution that is determined factors unrelated to mating? Or are leks created because estrous females distinguish between and favor who cluster? Here I address these questions looking at spatial lekking topi antelopes (Damaliscus lunatus). Contrary predictions model assuming male clustering zone maximum range overlap, territories were highly clustered also within this zone, lek size correlated positively with population density. In support models derived from ideal free dispersion, areas high density during rut. However, not taking into account both individual variation quality mate preferences failed explain extreme clumping areas, which was revealed strongly male-biased sex-ratio on leks. Additional for preference-based came finding concentrated Female preference may develop if initially follow an unequal competitors slightly hotspots; positive feedback benefits could lead contraction territorial network behavior. Thus only correctly predicted negative correlation mating rate resource