Nanobiotechnological Strategies for Treatment of Tegumentary and Visceral Leishmaniasis Including Resistance Strains

摘要: Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne chronic infectious disease caused by group of protozoan parasites the genus Leishmania. The most severe form visceral leishmaniasis, which fatal if not treated properly. one neglected tropical diseases different species parasite Leishmania, and leishmaniasis major public health problem worldwide. in amastigote development period, lives inside tissue-resident macrophages as well migrating monocytes distinct anatomical locations. Their hidden location responsible for impairing accession drug therapy. Drug delivery systems should allow adverse effects parenteral routes administration to be avoided enhancing antileishmanial activity reducing toxicity medication. Access essential drugs treatment challenging developing countries that have highest burden cases. In absence effective vector control measures, host associated with nano-theranostic vaccines promising alternative against leishmaniasis. Development does appear follow any specific pattern. However, it possible notice an effort from recent years. Research efforts regarding DNA vaccines, recombinant proteins or peptides, adjuvants are increasing seem among best feasible alternatives successful vaccine. Advances research, development, innovation show new dosage forms can enhance efficacy, safety, amenability old including antimonials, amphotericin B, imiquimod, buparvaquone. strategy vaccination cutaneous route has been exponential allowing immunization cutaneous, mucocutaneous,