Leishmaniasis in immunosuppressed individuals

摘要: Leishmaniasis is a vector-born chronic infectious disease caused by group of protozoan parasites the genus Leishmania. Whereas most immunocompetent individuals will not develop after Leishmania infection, immunosuppression well-established risk factor for disease. The severe form visceral leishmaniasis (VL), which typically fatal if untreated. human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection (VL–HIV) was initially mainly reported from southern Europe, it now emerging in other regions, including East Africa, India, and Brazil. VL has also been found wide range non-HIV-related immunosuppressive states, falling under realm transplantation medicine, rheumatology, haematology, oncology. Clinical presentation can be atypical immunosuppressed individuals, being easily misdiagnosed or mistaken as flare-up underlying best diagnostic approach combination parasitological serological molecular methods. Liposomal amphotericin B drug choice. Treatment failure relapse rates are particularly high cases HIV co-infection, despite initiation antiretroviral treatment. Primary prophylaxis recommended, but secondary recommended when patient immunosuppressed. Cutaneous have number particular features with immunosuppression, especially severe, parasite dissemination, clinical polymorphism often more forms, even visceralization. Mucosal common. cutaneous mucosal challenging, systemic treatment indicated. With globally increased travel access to advanced medical care developing countries, burden probably continue rise, warranting awareness enhanced surveillance systems.