Cognitive psychology : applying the science of the mind

摘要: Table of Contents: Chapter 1--An Introduction to Cognition What is Cognition? The Omnipresence Cognitive Processing An Interdisciplinary Perspective Psychology B.C. (Before psychology) Psychophysics Structuralism: Contents Mental Experience Functionalism: Functions Behaviorism: Rejection Laying the Foundation for Emergence S-R Explanations: Seriously wRong? Technological Influences PSYCHOLOGY A.D. (After Decline behaviorism) Behaviorism Reconsidered Information-Processing: A Computer Metaphor Connectionism: Brain Alternative Approaches Research Themes 2--Research Methods in Descriptive Naturalistic Observation Case Studies Self-Report Experimental Importance Happens an Experiment? Advantages and Disadvantages Experiment psychology How Can We See Thinking?: Dependent Variable Variables Influence Cognition?: Independent Confounding Assigning Participants Conditions Factorial Design Analyzing Presenting Results Sample Neuroscience: Investigating Mind Overview Nervous System Tools Neuroscience 3--Basics Perception Awareness Basic Issues Sensation and. Bottom-Up Top-Down Tasks Visual Perceptual Organizational Processes Multisensory Interaction Integration Synesthesia Comparing Senses Action Consciousness Varieties Subliminal Attention Auditory 4 -- Attending Manipulating Information Selection Division: Strategic Nature Control Selective Dividing Automaticity Characteristics Automatic Accounts Costs Immediate Memory Approach Short-Term Modular STM: Working Articulatory Loop Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad Episodic Buffer Central Executive Model Re-Considered 5 Identification Classification Classifictation: Identifcation: Recognizing from Bottom, Up Top, Down Concepts Categories: Database Recognition Object Effects Orientation Context Theories Non-Visual Faces Face Inversion Configural So, Is Special? Self-Recognition Categories Types ("Categories" as a Category) Concept Representation 6 Encoding Retrieval Long-Term Fundamental Distinctions vs.Long-Term Framework: Encoding, Storage, Explicit Long-term Remembering Repetition Rehearsal Actions Long--Term Availability Accessibility Specificity Retrieval: Effective Strategy? Retrieval, Hemispheric Asymmetry Knowing Implicit 7 Distortions Sins Eyewitness Storage Factors Witness Applied Triumph Illusory Memories Simple Events Complex events Constructive Framework Social Recovered Controversy Completely Forget Recover Traumatic Events? False be Created? Constitutes Valid Evidence? APA Group 8 --- Past Everyday Neisser's Challenge: Ecological Validity Autobiographical Memory: Methodology versus Facts Investigation Retention Function Childhood Amnesia Reminiscence Bump Forgetting Affecting Cues Self-Memory Involuntary Emotion Flashbulb Mood on Remembered Conclusion: Communicative Emotional Directive 9 Knowledge Representing Retrieving Words Associates Word Lexicon Models Connecting with Words: Semantic Networks Learned Through Formal Instruction People's Names Songs Analog Study Imagery Debate 10 --Language Language: Principles Rules Features Language Modular? Levels Analysis Speech Spoken Phonology Morphology Reading Eye Movements From Sentences: Syntax Semantics Transformational Grammar Sentence Parsing or Innate? Production Stages Non-Humans Training Projects Makes 11 Problem Solving Problem? Well-defined Ill-defined Problems Routine Non-routine Problem-Solving Research: Some Methodological Challenges Associative Learning Gestalt Psychology: Insight Rigidity Stereotypes Threat Solution Algorithms Heuristics Experts: Masters Expert Disadvantages: Expertise Creativity Creativity, Insight, 12 Reasoning, Judgment, Decision Making Thinking: Focus Errors Reasoning Deductive Inductive Judgment Basing Judgments Heuristic Similarity: Representativeness Initial Estimates: Anchoring Adjustment Biased Evaluation Our Decision-Making Expected Utility: Normative Prospect Theory: References Name Index Subject