Outdoor and indoor monitoring of livestock-associated Culicoides spp. to assess vector-free periods and disease risks

摘要: Within the last few decades Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) emerged Europe-wide as a major vector for epizootic viral diseases e.g. caused by Bluetongue (BT) or Schmallenberg virus. In accordance with EU regulation 1266/2007, veterinary authorities are requested to determine vector-free periods loosing trade and movement restrictions of susceptible livestock. Additionally, widely used basic reproduction number $\mathcal {R}_{0}$ is optionally applied risk assessment vector-borne diseases. Values {R}_{0}<1$ indicate no disease transmission risk. For determination period continuously operating daily monitoring in Vienna (Austria) was established. It covered 2009–2013 depicts seasonal abundance indoor outdoor. Future BT African horse sickness (AHS) outbreak risks were estimated projecting climate change scenarios. Therefore, temperature-dependent parameters applied. The lasted about 100 days inside stables, while less than five trapped outdoors on 150 per season, i.e. winter half year. potential assessed AHS. BT, {R}_{0}>1$ found each year between June August. without risk, , notably higher (200 days). Contrary, values AHS during whole period. Finally, numbers projected future using temperature forecasts 2014–2100. While mean summer peak increase from {R}_{0}=2.3$ {R}_{0}=3.4$ until 2100 (1.1/100 years), even under warming assumptions. Restrictions always associated an economic impact epidemic To minimize these impacts, assessments based can essentially support improve protection control measurements.