Environmental Drivers of Adult Seasonality and Abundance of Biting Midges Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), Bluetongue Vector Species in Spain

摘要: Bluetongue is a viral disease affecting wild and domestic ruminants transmitted by several species of biting midges Culicoides Latreille. The phenology these insects were analyzed in relation to potential environmental drivers. Data from 329 sites Spain using Bayesian Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) approaches. effects factors on adult female seasonality contrasted. Obsoletus complex (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) the most prevalent across sites, followed newsteadi Austen Ceratopogonidae). Activity was longest at low elevation, with warmer spring average temperatures precipitation, as well high abundance cattle. length imicola Kieffer season also elevation higher coverage broad-leaved vegetation. Long seasons C. found autumns sheep. pulicaris (Linnaeus) had longer periods greater number accumulated degree days over 10°C during winter. These results demonstrate eco-climatic seasonal differences among four taxa Spain, which may contribute determining suitable circumstances for each particular inform assessments risk virus outbreaks this region.