Competitive Employment and Mental Retardation: Interplay among Gender, Race, Secondary Psychiatric Disability, and Rehabilitation Services. (Competitive Jobs)

摘要: For most adults, employment is the means by which they obtain economic self-sufficiency, a route to social identification, and source of personal networking. Thus, critical factor associated with independence community integration. According Kiernan (2000), competitive way in individuals support their lifestyles, develop friendships, identify themselves as individuals. Competitive jobs allow vocational rehabilitation (VR) consumers acquire transferable skills well earn higher wages (Moore, 2001a). However, mental retardation have yet fully realize those benefits. many years, sheltered workshops were viewed an ideal work setting for persons 2001b). Although these settings advanced previous concepts retardation, may not afford such opportunity become economically self-sufficient (Whitehead & Marrone, 1986). Additionally, workshop environments do peer networks involving other than disabilities (Kiernan, 2000). Therefore, less satisfactory outcome employment. Various mediating variables affect interests outcomes disabilities, particularly retardation. An individual's ability maintain influenced individual, his or her significant others, types VR services provided (Moore Schroedel, Each interacts either limit increase quality opportunities. Devieger Trach (1999) found that parental involvement process often resulted self-employment continuing education Conversely, school agency personnel are factors inversely Specifically, efforts be effective successfully transitioning students from work. School utilize best practices example, individualized plans (IEPs) required who 16 years age. Lichtenstein Michaelides (1993) found, case study on transition, participate own IEP meetings. Moreover, researchers reported IEPs stated goals addressing education, job training, post-secondary outcome. no short term objectives even timelines goals. Findings revealed Studies (i.e., Schalock, Kiernan, McGaughey, 1993; Wehman, Kregel, Seyfarth, 1985) investigated rates at achieve lobs versus Schalock et al. majority participants employed within setting. More specifically, 45% sample was workshop, 41% day activity, 9% supported employment, 3% time-limited only 2% jobs. Researchers Moore, 1998; Feist-Price, Alston, press; Flowers, Taylor, 2000) likewise examined impact several consumer service level income weekly earnings closure) mild moderate …