Molecular Diagnostics in the Neoplasms of the Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder, and Extrahepatic Biliary Tract: 2018 Update

摘要: Pancreatic neoplasms, including ductal adenocarcinoma, solid pseudopapillary neoplasm, pancreatic endocrine acinar cell carcinoma, and pancreatoblastoma, are associated with different genetic abnormalities. Hepatic adenomas beta-catenin exon 3 mutation a high risk of malignancy. adenoma arginosuccinate synthetase 1 expression or sonic hedgehog mutations bleeding. Hepatocellular carcinoma choangiocarcinoma display heterogeneity at both morphologic molecular levels Cholangiocellular is most commonly IDH 1/2 mutations.