Explaining Self‐Employment Success and Failure: Wal‐Mart Versus Starbucks, or Schumpeter Versus Putnam*

摘要: Objectives. Two powerful socioeconomic innovations are sweeping the nation, led by Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. and Starbucks Corp. These both affect driven profound labor market changes, but exactly how they self-employment or entrepreneurship has not been investigated. We examine independent effects of these phenomena on returns to self-employment, which is itself an underresearched topic in economics. Methods. apply spatial econometric analysis data from more than 3,000 U.S. counties analyze big-boxes drinking places that facilitate social networking earnings. Findings. The presence stores associated with higher whereas results for coffee shops mixed. A negative interaction effect earnings emerges when exist same county. Conclusions. confirm Schumpeter's Putnam's assertions about importance creative destruction raising productivity entrepreneurs, although latter as clear-cut former.