The role of membrane processes in municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse

摘要: Wastewater reuse presents a promising solution to the growing pressure on water resources. However, wastewater implementation faces obstacles that include insufficient public acceptance, technical, economic and hygienic risks further uncertainties caused by lack of awareness, accepted standards, uniform guidelines legislation. So far, there are no supra-national regulations in Europe development is slowed widely e.g. terms required quality, treatment technology distribution system design operation. Treatment encompasses vast number options membrane processes regarded as key elements advanced reclamation schemes included prominent world-wide, for artificial groundwater recharge, indirect potable well industrial process production. For dual reticulation purposes urban areas two types systems have been built, centralised type with processes, including microfiltration (MF) reverse osmosis (RO), small scale using bioreactors. This paper will provide an overview status membranes world-wide depict their potential role promoting more sustainable use patterns.