Territories and economies of hunter–gatherer groups during the last glacial maximum in Europe

摘要: Abstract At the last glacial maximum, Gravettian human groups moved to southern European Peninsulas: Iberian, Italian, Balkan and gulfs: Tyrrhenian, Adriatic, Aegean around Black Sea (a lake at this time). There, they differentiated: Solutrean in Western Europe, Epigravettian Central Europe Eastern Europe. Human groups, constrained their new territories, returned a system of small territories low mobility, which required them change food resource (gregarious mammal hunting replacing migratory herd hunting), sources raw material procurement (reuse quartzite), and, as result, technology (return flake knapping, importance lamellar knapping) industry. This local opportunistic strategy involved less than 1000 km 2 mobility. The climate variations maximum reveal two wetter episodes, clearly visible sequences loess non-anthropogenic records 20–19 000 BP 18.5–17 000 BP. During these northward during summer, seasonal mobility strategy, involving animals use outcrops good flint. These systems existed Western, Central, where, despite typological differences assemblages, common characteristics may be highlighted.