Environmental Systems: An Introductory Text

摘要: A systems framework: to have a picture.- 1 Why approach?.- 1.1 Humans, environment and geography.- 1.2 Systems.- 1.3 Environmental as energy systems.- 1.4 Systems models.- 1.5 The application of the framework.- Further reading.- 2 Matter, force energy.- 2.1 nature matter.- 2.2 Fundamental forces.- 2.3 Work B model: partial view.- 3 Energy relationships.- 3.1 closed-system model.- 3.2 atmospheric system.- 3.3 Earth-surface 3.4 balance Earth-atmosphere 3.5 Earth's interior 3.6 conversion.- 4 atmosphere.- 4.1 Structure 4.2 transfer mass in 4.3 primary circulation system: approximations successful 5 lithosphere.- 5.1 crustal 5.2 System structure.- 5.3 matter 5.4 implications geochemical 6 hydrosphere.- 6.1 Water 6.2 Chemistry water.- 6.3 oceans.- 6.4 land-based 7 ecosphere.- 7.1 biosphere 7.2 Structural organization biosphere.- 7.3 Functional activity cell.- 7.4 organism, population community.- 7.5 functional model 7.6 Biogeochemical cycles.- 7.7 ecosphere evolution life.- C Open-system refined: environmental 8 atmosphere surface.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 physical properties 8.3 Surface roughness.- 8.4 Topography.- 8.5 Surface-air interaction.- 9 Secondary tertiary 9.1 9.2 Tertiary 9.3 Linkages between 10 catchment basin 10.1 structure organization.- 10.2 structure: spatial 10.3 material components.- 10.4 function: flow.- 10.5 flows.- 10.6 Special cases 10.7 Time, denudation relief 11 weathering 11.1 process-response 11.2 final state regolith.- 11.3 generalization other rock types.- 11.4 Exogenous variables control weathering.- 11.5 Conclusion: further perspectives on 12 slope 12.1 initial 12.2 operation 12.3 minerals.- 12.4 process form.- 12.5 Complexity hillslope process-form 12.6 Conclusion.- 13 fluvial 13.1 channel 13.2 Channel dynamics: flow 13.3 erosion transportation processes.- 13.4 Depositional 13.5 Stream power threshold critical power.- 13.6 14 glacial 14.1 Glaciers environment.- 14.2 function.- 14.3 mass: glacier 14.4 Glacier morphology.- 14.5 Erosion 14.6 Transfer materials: by glaciers.- 14.7 Deposition 15 aeolian 15.1 15.2 Aeolian sediment movement.- 15.3 wind.- 15.4 deposition.- 15.5 bedform 15.6 16 coastal 16.1 Sources 16.2 Materials 16.3 Nearshore interaction water sediments.- 16.4 Coastal erosion.- 16.5 16.6 17 Spatial variations 17.1 output.- 17.2 Individual factors controlling denudation.- 17.3 variation system 17.4 Relations processes landscape 18 ecosystem.- 18.1 ecosystem concept.- 18.2 structural 18.3 ecosystem: 18.4 ecological space: ecology landscape.- 19 production 19.1 green plant.- 19.2 Ecosystem production.- 19.3 Regulation limits photosynthesis 19.4 Geographical comparison 20 grazing-predation 20.1 heterotroph.- 20.2 Modelling animal 20.3 regulation.- 21 detrital 21.1 Decomposition, soil.- 21.2 input supply organic 21.3 Decomposition: 21.4 trophic pathway 21.5 pedological 22 soil 22.1 Defining 22.2 regulation pedogenesis.- 22.3 Formal D change.- 23 Change 23.1 Equilibrium concepts.- 23.2 Thermodynamics, equilibrium 23.3 Manifestation 24 24.1 climatic 24.2 Feedback mechanisms.- 24.3 form 24.4 Zonal dynamic change 25 living 25.1 Inherent 25.2 Cliseral 25.3 Evolutionary 26 Human modification 26.1 Deforestation.- 26.2 Agriculture.- 26.3 Urbanization industrialization.- 26.4 Control humans: some examples.- 27 retrospect prospect.- References.