Assessing the state of knowledge of utility-scale wind energy development and operation on non-volant terrestrial and marine wildlife

摘要: A great deal has been published in the scientific literature regarding effects of wind energy development and operation on volant (flying) wildlife including birds bats, although knowledge how to mitigate negative impacts is still imperfect. We reviewed peer-reviewed for information known potential utility-scale (USWEDO) terrestrial marine non-volant found that very little topic. Following a similar review solar we identified due construction eventual decommissioning facilities. Many are include direct mortality, environmental destruction modification habitat roads, offsite related material acquisition, processing transportation. Known maintenance facilities fragmentation barriers gene flow, as well noise, vibration shadow flicker, electromagnetic field generation, macro- micro-climate change, predator attraction, increased fire risk. The scarcity before-after-control-impact studies hinders ability rigorously quantify USWEDO wildlife. conclude more empirical data currently needed fully assess impact