ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC COSTS OF THE APPLICATION OF PESTICIDES PRIMARILY IN THE UNITED STATES

摘要: An obvious need for an update and comprehensive study prompted this investigation of the complex environmental costs resulting from nation’s dependence on pesticides. Included in assessment estimated $12 billion societal damages are analysis pesticide impacts public health; livestock product losses; increased control expenses pesticide-related destruction natural enemies development resistance pests; crop pollination problems honeybee bird, fish, other wildlife governmental expenditures to reduce social recommended application The major economic losses due pesticides USA were: health, $1.1 year-1; pests, $1.5 billion; caused by pesticides, bird $2.2 ground water contamination, $2.0 billion.