Paleogenomic Evidence for Multi-generational Mixing between Neolithic Farmers and Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherers in the Lower Danube Basin

摘要: The transition from hunting and gathering to farming involved profound cultural technological changes. In Western Central Europe, these changes occurred rapidly synchronously after the arrival of early farmers Anatolian origin [1-3], who largely replaced local Mesolithic hunter-gatherers [1, 4-6]. Further east, in Baltic region, was gradual, with little or no genetic input incoming [7]. Here we use ancient DNA investigate relationship between Lower Danube basin, a geographically intermediate area that is characterized by rapid Neolithic but also presence archaeological evidence points exchange, thus possible admixture, farmers. We recovered four human paleogenomes (1.1× 4.1× coverage) Romania spanning time transect 8.8 thousand years ago (kya) 5.4 kya supplemented them two genomes (1.7× 5.3×) Spain provide further context on the genetic background Europe. Our results show major hunter-gatherer (WHG) ancestry Romanian Eneolithic sample minor, sizeable, contribution farmers, suggesting multiple admixture events Dietary stable-isotope analysis this suggests mixed terrestrial/aquatic diet. support for complex interactions among demonstrating some regions, demic diffusion were not mutually exclusive, merely ends continuum process Neolithization.