Apple intake and cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

摘要: Objective Conflicting results on the association between fruit consumption and cancer risk have been reported. Little is known about preventive effects of different types. The present meta-analysis investigates whether an exists apple intake risk. Design Relevant observational studies were identified by literature search (PubMed, Web Science Embase). A random-effect model was used to estimate in anatomical sites. Between-study heterogeneity publication bias assessed using adequate statistical tests. Results Twenty case–control (three lung, five colorectal, breast, two oesophageal, three oral cavity, prostate one each pancreas, bladder, larynx, ovary, kidney brain cancer) twenty-one cohort (seven breast kidney, endometrial, head–neck, urothelial stomach met inclusion criteria. Comparing highest v. lowest level consumption, reduction lung statistically highly significant both (OR=0·75; 95% CI 0·63, 0·88; P=0·001, I 2=0 %) (relative risk=0·89; 0·84, 0·94; P<0·001, 2=53 %). Instead, case colorectal (OR=0·66; 0·54, 0·81; 2=55%), (OR=0·79; 0·73, 0·87; 2=1 overall digestive tract (OR=0·50; 0·36, 0·69; 2=90 cancers a effect apples found only while prospective indicated no effect. No evidence could be detected for oesophageal cancer. However, some confounding may related other which not considered as adjusting factors. Conclusions indicates that associated with reduced