Design consequences of recent improvements in membrane performance

摘要: The introduction of low pressure, high rejection ESPA membranes enables the achievement one goals commercial RO technology: ability to operate a given system at minimum value feed which is pressure equal osmotic concentrate plus losses along system. However, operating conditions water temperature, salinity or permeate recovery rate, could be created excessive flux rate from lead elements and negligible NDP end This due very specific membranes. Such result in higher possibility an increasing fouling rate. Corrective measures include use interstage pump hybrid membrane design. design consists with lower position (first stage), followed by does not utilize full extent energy savings possible but provides more uniform distribution improved quality. Due values required membranes, becomes economically attractive. There improving efficiency operation changing configuration array. These new configurations, however, require optimization assure long-term stable performance.