Neurophysiological analysis of target-related sympathetic pathways--from animal to human: similarities and differences.

摘要: The sympathetic nervous system regulates many different target tissues in the somatic and visceral domains of body a differentiated manner, indicating that there exist separate pathways are functionally defined by their cells. Signals generated central integration channelled through preganglionic neurons into final precisely transmitted para- prevertebral ganglia at neuroeffector junctions to effector Neurophysiological recordings activity postganglionic skin muscle nerves using microneurography human subjects skin, nerves, conventional recording techniques anaesthetized animals, clearly show each type neuron exhibits discharge pattern is characteristic for its cells and, therefore, function. These findings justify labelling as vasoconstrictor, cutaneous sudomotor, lipomotor, cardiomotor, secretomotor neurons, etc. patterns monitor aspects organization respective neuraxis forebrain. They can be dissected several distinct reflexes (initiated peripheral afferent inputs) reactions connected signals (related respiration, circadian other rhythms, command forebrain, etc). functional markers pathways. neurophysiological from identified animals ultimate reference all experimental investigations aim unravel systems. similarities results obtained vivo studies concluding principles systems similar, if not identical, least neuraxis, both species. Future progress analysis neuronal circuits associated with will very much depend on whether we able align models animal models. Human have advantage work under awake conditions. correlated various (afferent, centrally generated) signals, responses, perceptions, changes monitored imaging methods, However, considerable limitations. Animal divided types reduced vitro allow methodological approaches (e.g., neurophysiological, pharmacological, modern anatomical tracing methods; behavioural models; transgenic animals), which cannot used human. Interaction research performed design relevant diseases involved trace down underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. scientific questions asked formulated basis clinical observations resulting testable hypotheses investigated