Extracranial metastasis of gliobastoma: Three illustrative cases and current review of the molecular pathology and management strategies

摘要: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and malignant primary brain tumor in adults, accounting for ~12–15% of all intracranial neoplasms. Despite advances surgical, medical radiation therapies, mortality GBM remains high, with a median survival ranging between 40 70 weeks. Similar to other tumors, extracranial metastasis extremely rare, occurring <2% patients. To demonstrate clinical characteristics this rare tumor, we herein present three cases metastasis: One lungs, which represents longest reported lung metastases from date; second soft tissue posterior neck; third lumbar intradural space. Unlike tumors elsewhere, there are unique barriers that prevent hematogenous lymphatic spread such as dura mater thickened basement membrane blood vessels. In addition, central nervous system cells lack extracellular matrix proteins required invade surrounding connective tissue, prerequisite dissemination. study, aimed investigate different possible mechanisms underlying determine biomolecular genetic differentiating GBMs metastasize those do not. We also reviewed role systemic chemotherapy bevacizumab treatment disseminated GBMs. Early identification differentiation these may enable patients benefit surgical resection, combination prior developing comorbidities metastatic disease, translate into prolonged an acceptable quality life.