Introduced species in seagrass ecosystems: Status and concerns

摘要: A literature review revealed that at least 56 non-native species, primarily invertebrates and seaweeds, have been introduced to seagrass beds, largely through shipping/boating activities aquaculture. Four species also introduced. The introductions of the seaweeds Caulerpa taxifolia, C. racemosa v. cylindracea, Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides, Sargassum muticum, Asian mussel, Musculista senhousia, seagrass, Zostera japonica, are best-known examples in beds. ecological effects on seagrasses associated communities examined for slightly less than half which predominantly negative effects. There is a paucity experimental data effects, particularly community structure function. exception this finding introduction Z. japonica with oyster aquaculture native eelgrass beds Pacific coasts Canada USA. Recent experiments several different ecosystems confirmed disturbance contributes invasibility More definitive studies required elucidate relative nutrient pollution causing decline, where reduced herbivory boating activity covary. Seagrass often subject multiple but their cumulative effect has virtually unstudied. potential compounded merits serious attention. Heightened attention issue called given evidence can contribute biodiversity changes could affect ecosystem functions, they compromise restoration. Comprehensive surveys complemented by more stringent mensurative sampling designs, needed. In interim, conserving density bed size offer resistance species. Managing prevent introductions, including restricting transplantations biota during restorations, likely bear positive benefits ecosystems.