MORTALITY AND FERTILITY OF EUROPEAN CHARADRII

摘要: SUMMARY A review of published data on the mortality and fertility 23 species wading birds (Charadrii) breeding in or visiting western Europe. Recoveries ringed are main source estimates mortality. In some cases recaptures marked can also be employed. Apparent first year after fledging is usually higher than later years, though most probably biased by preponderance recoveries due to shooting. Adult mortality-rates stable populations vary from about 15·7% (Oystercatcher) 51·9% (Common Snipe) with range 30–45%. Closely related tend have similar mortality-rates. There a strong inverse correlation between death-rate body-size, using wing-length weight as indices size. Studies scarce meagre, though. clutch-sizes adequately known. Few waders double-brooded, many re-nest if their nest destroyed. thriving colonies, 66–96% eggs laid hatch. Survival chicks hatching fledging, which hard measure, typically averages 40–80%, success often varies widely year. Intensive long-term studies groups make effective contribution knowledge population dynamics. For for likely remain impracticable, composition winter passage may provide useful substitutes, but only techniques sampling age- sex-classification improved.