作者: Raed Bahelah , Joseph R DiFranza , Fouad M Fouad , Kenneth D Ward , Thomas Eissenberg
DOI: 10.1136/TOBACCOCONTROL-2015-052809
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摘要: Background Although waterpipe smoking is increasingly popular among youth and can lead to nicotine dependence (ND), no studies have documented how ND develops in smokers. We examined the emerging symptoms of adolescent smokers Lebanon. Methods Individual confidential interviews were used evaluate 160 24 cigarette from a sample 498 students enrolled 8th 9th grades Results Among smokers, 71.3% endorsed at least one Hooked on Nicotine Checklist (HONC) symptom 38.1% developed full syndrome (≥3 criteria using International Classification Diseases, 10th revision). The early craving (25%), feeling addicted (22.5%), failed quit attempts (14.3%). those who reached respective milestones, median tobacco use when first HONC emerged was 7.5 waterpipes/month with frequency 6 days/month; for 15 15 days/month. had already these appeared 10.9 months after initiation smoking, 13.9 months. In addition, cues such as seeing or smelling waterpipe, cafe environment triggered most ND. Conclusions Symptoms develop low levels consumption use. Craving by waterpipe-specific reported even this young age. Waterpipe-specific prevention intervention programmes are needed.