Modelling sustainable urban travel in a whole systems energy model

摘要: Many proposed low carbon transitions of the transport system have focused on decarbonisation in terms technological transformation; however, significant opportunities exist for behavioural or demand side orientated measures to play an important role. This paper explores how one such option, mode shift, can contribute low-carbon energy systems. For first time, endogenous choice is integrated into a whole systems model, ESME, by representing speed, travel time budgets, infrastructure costs, and maximum rates modal shift. Results indicate that cost-optimal model solution favours sustainable modes, although this strongly contingent financial disincentives car make slower modes more attractive. approach relevant many different country contexts, as need assess options lower carbon, urban increases.