Estimating the effects of novel on-pack warnings on young adult smokers and susceptible non-smokers

摘要: Background On-pack tobacco warnings can deter smoking initiation and provide powerful cessation cues. However, these typically feature graphic health images, which many young adults dismiss as irrelevant. We estimated responses to more diverse examined how performed relative each other. Methods conducted a behavioural likelihood experiment choice modelling in 474 smokers 476 susceptible non-smokers aged between 16 30 years evaluated 12 featuring health, social, financial cosmetic themes. The data were analysed by estimating Sequential-Best-Worst Choice Scale-Adjusted Latent Class Models. Results Smokers found all test aversive, particularly the effect of on vulnerable third parties, including babies animals, showing dying smoker. Susceptible warning that combined with loss physical attractiveness, significantly aversive than other images tested. Conclusions Illustrating harms causes groups may reduce temporal distance perceived control over use rationalise warnings. Introducing could recognise heterogeneity within smoker non-smoker populations, complement long-term harms.