Glacier recession on Kilimanjaro, East Africa, 1912-89

摘要: The varying ice extent on the Kibo cone of Kilimanjaro, East Africa, this century was reconstructed from terrestrial-photogrammetric mappings in 1912 and 1953 satellite images 1976 1989. These were all conformed to official 1:50 000 topographic sheet. distribution is characterized by lower margins southern than northern flanks, deepest-reaching glaciers west contrasting with least cover eastern crater rim. meridional contrast appears be related more abundant precipitation side. even striking zonal asymmetry favored vigorous diurnal circulations, enhanced afternoon cloudiness blocking insolation western slopes. total diminished 12 058 6675 4171 3305 x 10 3 m 2 between years 1912, 1953, 1989, three large coherent bodies disintegrated into numerous smaller fragments.