Evolution of searching and life history characteristics in individual-based models of host–parasitoid–microbe associations

摘要: In this paper we develop a novel discrete, individual-based mathematical model of the evolution life history, dispersal and other behavioural characteristics in insect host-parasitoid-microbe associations, use it to investigate their evolutionary dynamics. For any individual characteristic begins with an even, rectangular distribution values. Selection is then allowed act, change values observed. Evolutionary population variance value also observed, since would expect decline under selection most cases. The paper, therefore, introduces general framework for modeling problems stochastic, spatially structured environments, where movement are selection. extends approach include sex-distorting bacterium Wolbachia order aspects its horizontal vertical transmission different levels superparasitism by parasitoids. includes neutral genetic marker, be able detect changes phenotype frequency caused drift, as well simplified simulation sexual reproduction so allow possibility recombination between genotypes. Key results from simulations show that: (i) refractory time after oviposition affects superparasitism, short times favouring high rates superparasitism; (ii) variable do not affect stable proportion parasitoids infected Wolbachia, but achieved pathways low respectively. case spreads mainly transmission, leading replacement, whereas when there significant transfer.