ABC of Breast Diseases: Prognostic Factors

摘要: Prognostic factors are of value for three main reasons: FIG Freedom from recurrence cancer in patients relation to age when breast first diagnosed. (Proportional hazards model showed <35 have relative risk 1.6 distant disease.) Prognostic can be broadly classified into two groups: chronological factors, which indicators how long the has been present and relate stage disease at presentation, biological intrinsic or potential behaviour tumour. However, recent evidence suggests that diagnosis may also a factor: younger women (aged under 35) poorer prognosis than older with equivalent stage. ### Chronological factors FIG Survival size cancer. ### Tumour size The pathological tumour correlates directly survival; smaller tumours better survival rate those large tumours. Maximum should assessed fresh specimens, subsequently confirmed amended after histological examination. Status axillary lymph nodes The single best prognostic factor is presence absence nodal metastases. There direct correlation between number nodes involved. ### Metastases Patients whom spread beyond internal mammary (M1 IV disease) much worse whose apparently localised. differences depending on site metastatic disease, who supraclavicular involvement as their only …