Brain mechanisms of sympathetic activation in heart failure: Roles of the renin‑angiotensin system, nitric oxide and pro‑inflammatory cytokines (Review)
作者： BIN XU , HONGLI LI
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摘要: Patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) have an insufficient perfusion to the peripheral tissues due decreased cardiac output. The compensatory mechanisms are triggered even prior occurrence of clinical symptoms, which include activation sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and other neurohumoral factors. However, long‑term SNS contributes progressive dysfunction has toxic effects on cardiomyocytes. leading changes in baroreceptor chemoreceptor reflexes abnormal regulation nerve activity (SNA) central (CNS). Recent studies focused role brain SNA progression CHF. renin‑angiotensin system, nitric oxide pro‑inflammatory cytokines were shown be involved CNS. alteration these factors during CHF influences neurons autonomic regions finally increase outflow. present review summarizes contributing sympathoexcitation
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