Identifying key assumptions and differences in life cycle assessment studies of lithium-ion traction batteries with focus on greenhouse gas emissions

摘要: Abstract The various studies that consider the life cycle environmental impacts of lithium-ion traction batteries report widely different results. This article evaluates inventory data and results to identify key assumptions differences in studies. To aid identification, we compile reported greenhouse gas emissions batteries. find production-related range 38–356 kg CO 2 -eq/kW h. One main sources large variations stems from differing regarding direct energy demand associated with cell manufacture pack assembly. Further are due amount materials other battery components. indirect use phase depend on conversion losses battery, required transport weight carbon intensity electricity. Of reviewed assessing phase, all estimate while only one considers mass-induced requirement. Although there several industrial end-of-life treatment alternatives for batteries, very few this stage. Studies using “recycled content” approach 3.6–27 kg -eq/kW h “end-of-life“ emission reductions 16–32 kg battery. uncertainty is high as availability process limited. Based our findings, discuss how may be reduced.