Building Brains: An Introduction to Neural Development

摘要: Preface. Conventions and Commonly used Abbreviations. 1 Models Methods for Studying Neural Development. 1.1 What is neural development? 1.2 Why research 1.3 Major breakthroughs that have contributed to understanding developmental mechanisms. 1.4 Invertebrate model organisms. 1.5 Vertebrate 1.6 Observation experiment: methods studying development. 1.7 Summary. 2 The Anatomy of Developing Nervous Systems. 2.1 nervous system develops from the embryonic neuroectoderm. 2.2 Anatomical terms describe locations in embryos. 2.3 Development neuroectoderm invertebrates. 2.4 vertebrates process neurulation. 2.5 Secondary neurulation vertebrates. 2.6 Formation invertebrate vertebrate peripheral systems. 2.7 3 Induction: An Example How Intercellular Signalling Determines Cell Fates. 3.1 induction? 3.2 Specification commitment. 3.3 discovery induction. 3.4 A more recent breakthrough: identifying molecules mediate 3.5 Conservation induction mechanisms Drosophila. 3.6 Beyond default other signalling pathways involved 3.7 Signal transduction: how cells respond intercellular signals. 3.8 regulates gene expression. 3.9 essence development: a complex interplay intracellular signalling. 3.10 4 Patterning Neuroectoderm. 4.1 Regional patterning system. 4.2 anteroposterior (AP) axis Drosophila CNS. 4.3 AP 4.4 Refining within regions segments. 4.5 dorsoventral (DV) 4.6 Bringing it all together. 4.7 5 Neurogenesis: Generating Cells. 5.1 cells. 5.2 Neurogenesis 5.3 5.4 regulation neuronal subtype identity. 5.5 cell proliferation during neurogenesis. 5.6 Temporal identity 5.7 do we need know about neurogenesis? 5.8 6 Neuronal Migration. 6.1 Many neurons migrate long distances formation 6.2 can migration be observed? 6.3 modes migration. 6.4 Initiation 6.5 are migrating guided their destinations? 6.6 Locomotion. 6.7 Journey s end termination 6.8 govern important populations cortical remain unknown. 6.9 7 Neurons Develop Their Shapes. 7.1 form two specialized types outgrowth. 7.2 growing neurite. 7.3 Stages neurite 7.4 Neurite outgrowth influenced by neuron's surroundings. 7.5 Molecular responses growth cone. 7.6 Active transport along axon 7.7 development polarity. 7.8 Dendrites. 7.9 8 Axon Guidance. 8.1 axons navigate routes. 8.2 8.3 might targets? 8.4 Breaking journey intermediate targets. 8.5 Contact guidance. 8.6 Guidance diffusible cues chemotropism. 8.7 change behaviour at choice points? 8.8 such small number guide large axons? 8.9 Some specific connections over very short distances, likely using different 8.10 cone has autonomy its ability guidance cues. 8.11 Transcription factors regulate decisions. 8.12 9 Map Formation. 9.1 maps? 9.2 Types maps. 9.3 Principles map formation. 9.4 coarse maps: areas. 9.5 fine topographic. 9.6 Inputs multiple structures: when maps collide. 9.7 feature 9.8 10 Maturation Functional Properties. 10.1 excitable 10.2 excitability 10.3 Developmental processes regulated excitability. 10.4 Synaptogenesis. 10.5 Spinogenesis. 10.6 11 Life Death System. 11.1 frequency function death normal 11.2 Cells die one main ways: apoptosis or necrosis. 11.3 Studies invertebrates taught us much kill themselves. 11.4 Most genes programmed C. elegans conserved 11.5 Examples neurodevelopmental which plays prominent role. 11.6 Neurotrophic regulators survival death. 11.7 role electrical activity regulating 11.8 12 Experience-Dependent 12.1 Effects experience on visual 12.2 does functional connectivity?. 12.3 Cellular basis plasticity: inhibitory networks. 12.4 Homeostatic plasticity. 12.5 Structural plasticity extracellular matrix. 12.6 Suggestions Further Reading. Glossary. Index.