Livelihoods transformation and climate change adaptation: The case of smallholder water buffalo farmers in the Philippines

摘要: Abstract Livelihood transitions in most agricultural nations are conditioned by changes both human and climate systems. In the Philippines, change related extreme weather events such as typhoons, floods, droughts have detrimental impacts on crop production significantly affected livelihoods of cash focused rural villages. A shift from to livestock is emerging a buffer activity recover losses; however, whether this adaptive response viable still unexplored. The aim study understand how farmers perceive water buffalo transformative opportunity they use adaptation process sustain their when becomes more volatile. Data were collected farming villages Nueva Ecija province, Philippines using mixed methods. It was found that farmers' livelihood patterns evolved economic consequences recurrent failures caused flooding, dry spells. Farmers' changed activities an driven past experiences climatic changes, social relations, household capacity, resources available. increasing trend shifting dairying demonstrated preferences for less risky sources income lieu opportunities options Thus, local can be understood outcome farmers’ survival strategies institutional dynamics localities. results imply need integrate programs linked development, particularly Carabao Development Program (CDP). This concludes suggesting issues considered option climate-resilient livelihoods.