Climate adaptation: Institutional response to environmental constraints, and the need for increased flexibility, participation, and integration of approaches

摘要: Adaptation to the impacts of climate change is a dynamic process that shaped by institutional, cultural, and socioeconomic contexts. Efforts adapt changing may occur on many scales be undertaken variety stakeholders do not in institutional vacuum. As globalization has increased exchange knowledge across space, greater number institutions have become involved adaptation measures encompassing multiple scales. In order gain insight into how might unfold future, we investigate interactions between operating at levels innovation new technologies demand. From broad sample cases, identify four distinct types select one corresponding case representing each type assess roles (and other stakeholders) innovation. We further discuss two findings cut all measures: (1) need for widespread participation, flexibility, integration quick effective response, (2) transfer leadership responsibility from institutionally led community based so sustained future. Together, these suggest implemented primarily top–down promote local resilience long term; likewise, those bottom–up require some level collaboration top maximize their effectiveness.