Lifestyle Modification to Promote Weight Loss in the Absence of Energy Restriction

摘要: With the obesity epidemic showing no signs of abating, there is ongoing interest in altering energy balance (i.e., decreasing intake and/or increasing expenditure) to promote weight, specifically fat, loss. However, short- and long-term outcomes of, adherence to, are variable, reports weight regain common. There thus interest, both at lay public scientific levels, lifestyle modifications loss absence restriction. In this special issue, we present two review papers three randomized control trials that address such modifications. The first paper a strategies effects these on hormonal responses associated with appetite regulation. A. Schwarz et al. conclude consumption smaller more frequent meals comprised lower fat moderate protein, normal sleep 8 hours/day, stressors psychological stress may help attenuate control. This followed by B. N. Wu J. O'Sullivan, which authors importance considering gender differences metabolism. conclusion arises from observation compared men, women consume fewer calories per kilogram lean mass burn preferentially during exercise, suggesting relationship between consumed expended different genders. The attribute greater observed ovarian hormones, particularly estrogen, postprandial conversion dietary into body fat. From reviews, appreciate influence modification various aspects balance. understanding turn culminate or reverse gain beyond those emphasize only In line recommendations presented al., L. Ferguson-Stegall studies as part experimental beverages: low-fat chocolate milk, an isocaloric carbohydrate beverage placebo training adaptation (cycling) 32 untrained nonobese men women. After each daily session, participants their assigned beverages immediately again 1 hour after exercise. 4.5 weeks, differentials whole trunk levels were for milk group versus group. availability amino acids anabolism muscle gain, fat-loss-promoting effect dairy calcium consistent colleagues' recommendation protein foods. The next study, S. Tey examined hazelnuts, chocolate, potato chips 12 receiving snacks. Participants 118 women; they not provided any counselling nor instructed change diets way. Despite finding main treatment, subanalysis adherent revealed higher baseline BMI was waist circumference weeks nut Also, quality improved significantly nuts can be incorporated diet without adversely affecting while improving overall quality. We extend suggestion if hold over longer study duration, then might seen aging. It also tempting suggest regular reduce abdominal people BMIs, although requires confirmation. In final M. H. Pedersen 78 overweight adolescent boys bread fish oil vegetable 16 weeks. Unlike previous counselled improve exercise habits. No changes resting metabolic rate, lipid oxidation, leptin composition. does rule out benefits long-chain polyunsaturated fatty adults adolescents undergoing pubertal growth spurt, it possibility obese pronounced complications respond favourably intervention. intervention successful boys' sugar consumption, but had impact physical activity level, indicates changing obviously poor habit easier than committing activity. Given success via restriction difficult achieve short term, being even elusive, novel approaches warranted. Taken together, five issue support restriction, most diet-disease relationships, consistently so. These include, limited (e.g., products nuts, latter high total highly bioavailable low saturated fats), stress. Further research required confirm associations stages lifecycle, people. Andrea C. Buchholz Marta Van Loan Leah Whigham Henry Lukaski