Corporal Punishment and Child Behavioural and Cognitive Outcomes through 5 Years of Age: Evidence from a Contemporary Urban Birth Cohort Study

摘要: This study examined the prevalence and determinants of spanking children at 3 years-of-age, associations between externalizing behavior receptive verbal ability age 5. Overall, we find maternal rates 55.2% paternal 43.2% 3. Mothers facing greater stress those who spanked earlier are more likely to spank 3, whereas report a supportive partner during pregnancy were not U.S. born less spank. fathers in communities where was normative Fathers daughters Frequent associated with vocabulary 5, controlling for an array ecological risks, behavior, capacity. Taking advantage large diverse sample explored potential interactions found no evidence that race, parental warmth, normativeness, or child gender moderated association vocabulary. These findings add literature on negative consequences widely endorsed parenting practice, highlight need research explores alternative effective discipline practices addresses parent questions what else they could, even should, be doing.