Protected areas and people in Uganda: costs, benefits, livelihoods and narratives around Bwindi Impenetrable National Park.

摘要: This thesis contributes to a current debate on how balance conservation and development goals. Globally, land set aside for the protection of biodiversity has increased exponentially over last 30 years. Despite contemporary efforts share protected area (PA) benefits with local people in proximity PAs, particular tourism revenues, social impacts establishing maintaining these areas remain contentious issue. It is this context that study was conducted at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park Uganda. The specific research questions were: i. To what extent does revenue-sharing promote poverty reduction? ii. What nature derived costs incurred by communities adjacent PA? iii. How are distributed, affect people‟s attitudes towards iv. do describe their situation as neighbours These have been addressed four separate, but interrelated studies. Data were collected using mixed methods approach. Secondary data form written sources used addition primary gathered through combination participant observations, interviews key informants, structured interviews, semistructured unstructured interviews. findings reveal serious inadequacies arrangement severely constrain potential reduction. also reduces its support effect conservation. Whereas an average household reports annual total income US$1038, benefit from revenue sharing only US$12 (or 1.2%). Any positive contribution further reduced problems allocation-making processes associated nepotism; because revenues planned distributed inept institutions under complex institutional arrangements lack real participation involvement. In direct there number other activities could fall general framework “Development Through Conservation” (e.g. private tree planting). Another activity park-related employment. Each two about 2% household‟s income. Costs include traditional physical evictions. However, scope limited recurrent restrictions access resources damage caused wildlife. A bordering park foregoes 6% forest loses another 10% result For some households, losses wildlife can approach much 26% emerges where largely subsidise high costs. estimated reported US$ 0.5/ per adult equivalent unit/day. Moreover, decision-making nepotism, often not accrue cost victims. practice, PA subject elite capture. increases inequality compromises ability contribute reduction improve state relations. spite this, seems be improved among park, 78 percent our respondents believing Bwindi‟s conversion national good thing, despite individual benefits. People seem concerned regardless possible monetary transfers. Local perceptions furthermore characterised ambivalence significantly deviates win-win narrative frequently presented external actors. actors or households regard present unsatisfactory (a perception which well-grounded generally supported socio-economic studies thesis). However prospect future, particularly promises improvements amount people. Social, political economic issues relating PAs discussed thesis. Wider implications representivity policies Uganda elsewhere several. observed eventual successes future will depend overall eventually reach distribution benefits, compensation, impact compatibility management values, norms rights duties narratives important insights need taken more seriously endeavours rights-based development, involvement participation. should thus inform policy act counter produced powerful