Cradle-to-gate environmental impacts of sulfur-based solid-state lithium batteries for electric vehicle applications

摘要: Abstract In this study, we investigate the cradle-to-gate environmental impacts of a pre-production sulfur-based solid-state lithium pyrite battery suitable for electric vehicle applications. We apply process-based attributional life cycle assessment methodology, utilizing laboratory data, literature, U.S. patents, and US-EI 2.2 inventory database to estimate materials energy required its anticipated manufacturing assembly processes. mass 440 kg specific capacity 182 Wh kg−1 with 80 kWh 100 kW power, capable powering full-size 200-mile range. The estimated cumulative demand (CED) global warming potential 100-year time horizon (GWP100) are 3300 MJ kWh−1 199 kg CO2 eq. kWh−1, respectively. combination direct upstream associated clean dry-room operation accounts biggest share total CED (75%) GWP100 (73%), followed by cathode paste (10% 6%, respectively). present opportunities improve production processes reduce costs. lower than well-to-wheel consumption emissions same size delivers higher current Li-ion chemistries while comparable.