Various spectroelectrochemical cells for in situ observation of electrochemical processes at solid–liquid interfaces

摘要: In the last several decades, a variety of surface analysis techniques which can probe geometric/electronic/molecular structures interfaces, as well elemental composition, have been developed and applied for investigation electrochemical processes taking place at solid–liquid interfaces. Designing spectroelectrochemical cells is one big challenges utilization those to interfaces because thickness solution layers, materials used window, geometry photon source, sample, spectrometer/analyzer/detector need be optimal reaction interest photons in individual techniques. To date, various unique situ studies on interfacial even by using intrinsically require vacuum. this paper, recent progress cells, especially X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, reviewed.