Sex Differences in the Steepness of Dominance Hierarchies in Captive Bonobo Groups

摘要: Bonobos have a reputation as female-dominated and egalitarian species. We examined the 2 aspects of dominance in 6 captive bonobo groups. Females do not consistently evoke submission from all males contexts. Though females occupy highest-ranking positions hierarchy, there are each group that obtain rather high ranks able to dominate ≥1 female. Thus female is complete hierarchies can be better described nonexclusive dominance. studied egalitarianism by measuring linearity steepness hierarchies. The groups highly linear. Hierarchies among steeper than females. On average, male bonobos more despotic females, but too relations, both with other males. Hence one call captivity semidespotic egalitarian.