Attracting pollinators and avoiding herbivores: insects influence plant traits within and across years

摘要: Perennial plants interact with herbivores and pollinators across multiple growing seasons, thus may respond to both within years. Joint effects of influence plant traits, but while some the potential interactions among herbivory, pollination, size, reproductive traits have been well studied, others are poorly understood. This is particularly true for perennial where manifest Here, we describe two experiments addressing reciprocal herbivore damage pollination 2 years using Chamerion angustifolium. We measured (1) responses manipulation in year treatment subsequent season, (2) size flowering treatment, (3) plant-mediated indirect between pollinators. found that had little effect on affected year. evidence leaf directions; not previously demonstrated. Our results indicate pollen receipt shorter fewer stems does change flower number, herbivory taller flowers. Together, contribute intermediate height flowers our system.