Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

作者: Hussain Am , Khurshid Sj

DOI:

关键词:

摘要: This article discusses the basic concepts of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) with intention to introduce subject uninitiated. The MRI technique is a powerful noninvasive probe body's internal anatomy. In MRI, images are produced not by X-rays, but through use non-ionizing radiowaves that stimulate transitions between spin states nuclei in magnetic field when passed body. time required for nucleus return equilibrium gives information about environment nucleus. this way tissue abnormalities can be determined vivo. covers basis phenomena, concept moment sample, NMR exalation and emission equipment necessary observe these properties. primary agents used increase contrast also mentioned. Finally importance prospects Pakistan have been discussed.

参考文章(60)
P Lanzer, E H Botvinick, N B Schiller, L E Crooks, M Arakawa, L Kaufman, P L Davis, R Herfkens, M J Lipton, C B Higgins, Cardiac Imaging Using Gated Magnetic Resonance Radiology. ,vol. 150, pp. 121- 127 ,(1984) , 10.1148/RADIOLOGY.150.1.6227934
P. Mansfield, A. A. Maudsley, Medical imaging by NMR British Journal of Radiology. ,vol. 50, pp. 188- 194 ,(1977) , 10.1259/0007-1285-50-591-188
H Hricak, R A Filly, A R Margulis, K L Moon, L E Crooks, L Kaufman, Work in progress: nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of the gallbladder. Radiology. ,vol. 147, pp. 481- 484 ,(1983) , 10.1148/RADIOLOGY.147.2.6836126
W. S. Hinshaw, E. R. Andrew, P. A. Bottomley, G. N. Holland, W. S. Moore, B. S. Worthington, Display of cross sectional anatomy by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging British Journal of Radiology. ,vol. 68, pp. 273- 280 ,(1995) , 10.1259/0007-1285-51-604-273
IR Young, M Burl, GJ Clarke, AS Hall, T Pasmore, AG Collins, DT Smith, JS Orr, GM Bydder, FH Doyle, RH Greenspan, RE Steiner, Magnetic resonance properties of hydrogen: imaging the posterior fossa American Journal of Roentgenology. ,vol. 137, pp. 895- 901 ,(1981) , 10.2214/AJR.137.5.895
L Crooks, J Hoenninger, M Arakawa, L Kaufman, R McRee, J Watts, J H Singer, Tomography of hydrogen with nuclear magnetic resonance. Radiology. ,vol. 136, pp. 701- 706 ,(1980) , 10.1148/RADIOLOGY.136.3.7403550
R C Brasch, D A London, G E Wesbey, T N Tozer, D E Nitecki, R D Williams, J Doemeny, L D Tuck, D P Lallemand, Work in progress: nuclear magnetic resonance study of a paramagnetic nitroxide contrast agent for enhancement of renal structures in experimental animals. Radiology. ,vol. 147, pp. 773- 779 ,(1983) , 10.1148/RADIOLOGY.147.3.6844613
D D Stark, A A Moss, H I Goldberg, P L Davis, M P Federle, Magnetic resonance and CT of the normal and diseased pancreas: a comparative study. Radiology. ,vol. 150, pp. 153- 162 ,(1984) , 10.1148/RADIOLOGY.150.1.6689755
G. M. Pohost, Nuclear magnetic resonance. Potential applications in clinical cardiology JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. ,vol. 251, pp. 1304- 1309 ,(1984) , 10.1001/JAMA.251.10.1304