Chemistry of the Environment

摘要: I. ENERGY. 1. Energy Flows and Supplies. Prologue on Sustainability. Natural Flows. Human Consumption. Sources. 2. Fossil Fuels. Carbon Cycle. Origins of Fuel Energy. Petroleum. Gas. Coal. Decarbonization. 3. Nuclear Nuclei, Isotopes, Radioactivity. Naturally Occurring Radioisotopes. Decay Chains: The Radon Problem. Radioactivity: Biological Effects Ionizing Radiation. Radiation Exposure. Fission. Hazards Power. Is power Part the Future? Fusion. 4. Renewable Solar Heating. Thermal Electricity. Photovoltaic Biomass. Hydroelectricity. Wind Ocean Geothermal 5. Utilization. Heat Engine Efficiencies. Cells. Space Heating, Cogeneration. Electricity Storage: Hydrogen Economy. Materials Connection. Systems Efficiency. Society. II. ATMOSPHERE. 6. Climate. Balance. Albedo: Particles Clouds. Greenhouse Effect. Climate Modeling. International Agreements Gases. 7. Oxygen Chemistry. Nitrogen Oxides: Free Kinetics. Radical Chain Reactions. 8. Stratospheric Ozone. Atmospheric Structure. Ultraviolet Protection by Ozone Catalytic Destruction Polar Destruction. Projections. CFC Substitutes. 9. Air Pollution. Pollutants Their Effects. Photochemical Smog. Emission Control. Reformulated Gasoline: Oxygenates. III. HYDROSPHERE/LITHOSPHERE. 10. Water Resources. Global Perspective. Irrigation. Groundwater. U.S. Oceans. as Solvent a Medium. 11. From Clouds to Runoff: Solvent. Unique Properties Water. Acids, Bases, Salts. Conjugate Acids Bases Buffers. in Atmosphere: Acid Rain. 12. Lithosphere. Earth Acid-Base Reactor. Organic Inorganic Cycles. Weathering Solubilization Mechanisms. Acidification. 13. Life. Redox Reactions Aerobic Earth. Ecological 14. Pollution Treatment. Use Quality: Point Nonpoint Sources Regulation Quality. Sewage Health Hazards. IV. BIOSPHERE. 15. Food Production. Agriculture. Nutrition. 16. Pest Insecticides. Herbicides. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs). 17. Toxic Chemicals. Acute Chronic Toxicity. Cancer. Hormonal Persistent Pollutants: dioxins PCBs. Metals. Appendix: Hydrocarbons: Alkanes. Branched Chains Isomers. Rings. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons. Molecular Shape. Framework Representations. Aromatic Compounds. Hetero-Atoms Functional Groups. Index.