作者: Davide Cucchi , Antongiulio Marmotti , Silvana De Giorgi , Alberto Costa , Rocco D'Apolito
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摘要: Shoulder stiffness is a condition of painful restriction the glenohumeral range motion. Numerous risk factors for primary and postoperative shoulder have been described. This article summarizes known aspects pathophysiology stiffness, with special attention to elements molecular biology genetics, which could influence developing stiffness. Furthermore, role hormonal metabolic factors, medical disorders, drugs, other published reviewed discussed. Finally, related surgery rehabilitation protocols, development are presented.