Biomarkers for Drug-Induced Renal Damage and Nephrotoxicity—An Overview for Applied Toxicology

摘要: The detection of acute kidney injury (AKI) and the monitoring chronic disease (CKD) is becoming more important in industrialized countries. Because direct relation damage to increasing age population, as well connection other diseases like diabetes mellitus congestive heart failure, renal diseases/failure has increased last decades. In addition, drug-induced injury, especially patients intensive care units, very often a cause AKI. need for diagnostic tools identify nephrotoxicity been emphasized by ICH-regulated agencies. This lead multiple national international projects focusing on identification novel biomarkers enhance drug development. Several parameters related AKI or CKD are known have used several Most these markers deliver information only when established, case serum creatinine. field molecular toxicology spawned new options nephrotoxicity. These developments urinary protein biomarkers, including Kim-1, clusterin, osteopontin RPA-1, transcriptional which enable earlier further about area nephron underlying mechanism. were mainly identified qualified rat but also humans, described now be validated. review will give an overview traditional damage.