Flowering resources distract pollinators from crops: Model predictions from landscape simulations

摘要: Enhancing floral resources is a widely accepted strategy for supporting wild bees and promoting crop pollination. Planning effective enhancements can be informed with pollination service models, but these models should capture the behavioural spatial dynamics of service-providing organisms. Model predictions, hence management recommendations, are likely to sensitive dynamics. We used two established pollinator foraging investigate whether habitat enhancement improves visitation; this effect influenced by distance landscape pattern; detail model predictions. The more detailed central place better predicted variation in bee visitation observed between types, because it includes optimized trade-offs patch quality distance. Both performed well when predicting rates across broader scales. Using real agricultural landscapes simulating enhancements, we show that additional have diverging effects on visitation. When only co-flowering were added, optimally concentrated detriment For both adding nesting increased Finally, marginal was greater simple landscapes. Synthesis applications. results help identify conditions under which most increase services agriculture. Three design principles emerge: (a) enhancing flowers diminish distracting pollinators away from crops, (b) providing populations (c) benefit will greatest do not already contain abundant habitat. (Less)