Crop variety and prey richness affect spatial patterns of human-wildlife conflicts in Iran’s Hyrcanian forests

摘要: Abstract Human-wildlife conflicts are a growing problem in Iran and pose notable challenge to conservation efforts its Hyrcanian forest region. We surveyed 162 households 45 villages at six study sites understand species-specific patterns of human-wildlife people’s reactions these conflicts, suggest appropriate conflict mitigation measures. By using generalized linear mixed models, we analysed socio-economic ecological variables find key determinants the main types around seven species mammals. also incorporated prey richness data (i.e. red deer, roe deer wild boar) our models. Wild boar (Sus scrofa) grey wolf (Canis lupus) were found be primary regard reported levels severity crop loss by boars was 97% households. Logistic regression showed that positively influenced variety cultivated size land under cultivation. Generalized models human-wild increased areas with lower human density, vegetation cover distance protected areas. Wolf most frequent form sheep attacks (81%) compared goat (11%) cattle (8%) attacks. Our analysis village elevation those located closer to, or inside, Several cost-effective measures should used complementarily according their effectiveness. These include avoiding planting palatable seasonal crops near establishing physical barriers fields large-scale damage boars. To reduce livestock predation wolf, it will essential address restoration community efficiency animal husbandry practices.